Teaching career Essay Example for Free

Teaching career Essay Source A is a memoir written by Elizabeth Makinson, who finished her teaching career in Bradford 1913. A memoir is a collection of memories based on a certain theme. This source would have come into existence, because Elizabeth will have reached a certain age and would want to review her childhood experiences and her early teaching career. Elizabeths memories are based on her education in a Board School called Belle Vue, and her early teaching career in Drummond Road, which was another Board School. Bell Vue was mainly for lower middle class children, as rich upper class children would have Governesses or would go to College. This particular school was on Manningham Lane, which at the time was a very desirable place to live. The education wasnt free, as the children would pay 6 pence per week. This wasnt considered expensive as the children would receive a high standard of education. They would learn a wide range of subjects, these were Arithmetic, Euclid (Greek), Geography, History, Drawing and Painting, Songs, Tonic Solfa (Singing in Ranges), English Literature, Physiography, Physiology, Cookery and Domestic Science, French, Elementary science, Practical and Theatrical Chemistry. This school was well funded as there was expensive equipment including Bunsen Burners, Crucibles, Test tubes, Retorts, Beakers and Small, Brass Balances. The school was funded for gym kits and other gym equipment such as climbing frames, vaulting horse, parallel bars, ropes and dumb-bells. The Headmistress Miss S. L. Beszant would take the children on school outings to the Bradford Destructor, Esholt Sewage works, and to the Theatre Royal to see the matinee showing of Romeo and Juliet, featuring the famous actress, Ellen Terry. In the next paragraph of the memoir she describes the school where she worked called Drummond Road Board School in the infants department in 1900. She received a place in this school when she passed the Teachers Entrance Examination. This school would not have been well funded and would have probably been free for lower class and working classes, who attended. This source would be quite useful to a historian who is studying schooling, because it illustrates what types of schooling were in use after the 1870s Education Act and the quality of education in these schools. However, as it is a memoir Elizabeth tends to remember the good points rather than the bad. This would therefore cause the source to become less valid, but in looking at other sources we can see how reliable this source is. Source B is a photograph of a Board School in 1894. This photograph was possibly taken, because towards the late nineteenth century photographs were taken to demonstrate poverty; therefore this photograph could have originally been taken for this purpose rather than education. This source tells us that there were only nine pupils, which is a very small class. This was because some of the pupils would have been half-timers, which means that they would work six hours in the mill and then attend school afterwards. The children in the photograph are frowning, however this does not necessarily mean that they did not enjoy going to school. This is because in Victorian times photography was a very long process; therefore it was easier to frown rather than smile. This source could be slightly unreliable, because photographs can be set up and arranged in order to gain a desired opinion. However this statement does not necessarily mean that the source is completely unreliable, because by looking at other sources we can see how true it is.

King Tut Essay examples -- essays research papers

King Tutankhamen The Boy King King Tutankhamen ,or King Tut, was one of the youngest kings to reign over any country. “The Boy King'; is best remembered for his magnificent funeral treasures, including his elaborate golden burial mask. King Tut achieved a measure of immortality through his glittering burial treasures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King Tut was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who reigned from about 1348 to 1339 BC. His name can be spelled a variety of ways including Tutankhamen, Tutankhamon, or Tutankhamun. There is an enigma, though, surrounding his name. Researchers have no idea where it came from because his parents are unknown. He became king during the period of readjustment that followed the death of his father-in-law, the pharaoh Akhenaton. The boy king married Akhenaton’s third daughter to strengthen his claim to the throne and took the name Tutankhaton meaning “gracious of life is Aton.'; After less than three years of residence at Akhetaton he changed his name to Tutankhamen. Because Tut was only nine or ten when he became pharaoh the direction of the state was devolved onto an older official named Ay. ( He succeeded Tut when he died.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Tut was alive, however the Egyptians had a flair for playing games and telling stories. All Egyptians enjoyed contests and stories, but the wealthy pursued those pastimes with an elegant flourish. Royalty such as Tut, was portrayed on the walls of his tomb playing the game senet, which reenacted the quest for eternal fulfillment after death. This game is played on a checkerboard table with thirty squares arranged in three parallel rows. Each of two players has an equal number of counters (ranging from five to seven) in two series of different shapes. The counters are moved with sticks or small bones.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The goal of the game is to get across the board with your counters following an S-shaped path while outrunning or blocking those of your adversary; the game is won when you get all your counters off the board. The fifteenth square and the last five squares bear images or hieroglyphic inscriptions that denote a special status, either favorable or unfavorable, for the counter that lands on them. Winning this game allows the deceased to overcome any difficulties involved during his journey and to &... ...khamen’s name meant. Imn = Amun, Tut = Image, Ankh = Living. This is the meaning of his last name, Living image of Amun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   “Can see anything ?'; “Yes,'; Carter replied, “wonderful things.'; Such were the words of Howard Carter on February 17, 1923 as the archaeologist peered into the 3500 year old darkness of Pharaoh Tutankhamen’s burial chamber and forever altered the scope of man’s imagination. Carter and his team of the world’s most eminent archaeological experts uncovered what are undoubtedly among the greatest riches of this or any known time. The name Tutankhamen, in reality a relatively insignificant young king, has become legendary and has furthermore assumed a position in our vocabulary and cultural ethos rivaled by few other figures of ancient history. Of the events which directly followed that momentous day in 1923, we are utterly baffled. By 1929, twenty-two people who had been either directly or indirectly involved in the exhumation of Tut and his treasures were dead, in most cases, of undiagnosable causes. Was this just a flook or was it the curse of King Tutankhamen.

Critical Review of Dementia Service User’s Experience of Care

Title: A 3000 words essay critically reviewing a service user’s journey through their experience of care In this essay I will critically evaluate a resident by the name of Tom Journey with dementia. He suffers from Alzheimer's dementia and lives in sheltered housing. I will explore issues surrounding nutrition intake, wandering, communication, incontinence and the environment that affect the client, family and staff. I will then look at the assessment process, care planning, implementing and evaluation.I will explore patient safety, intervention and the processes that managers and professionals have to undertake when managing individuals with dementia. These interventions and approaches adopted are vital when planning person centred care. In addition, due to the policy of confidentiality I would not mention the name of the organisation and persons involved. The essay will end with a conclusion and a summary. According to Mathers and Leanardi (2000), â€Å"Dementia is a syndro me caused by a range of illnesses and currently many are incurable, and cause progressive, irreversible brain damage.They include Alzheimer's disease (the most common cause), vascular disease, frontal lobe dementia and Lewy Body disease. Symptoms of dementia can include memory loss, difficulties with language, judgement, insight and failure to recognise people, disorientation, mood changes, hallucinations, delusions, and the gradual loss of ability to perform all tasks of daily living†,( Mathers and Leanardi, 2000). Mace and Rabin (1999) highlighted that, â€Å"the word dementia originated from two Latin words which mean â€Å"away and mind†. This can indicate a loss of memory inability to function effectively, which can result in mental confusion†.Jack is a seventy year old man with dementia. He lives in sheltered housing. He has four children two sons and two daughters. He was moved from his home into sheltered accommodation after the death of his wife Mary. Hi s condition deteriorated very rapidly and he needed extra support to live at home safely. The family was unable to adequately provide for Jack’s needs, so they decided to re-house him. The family brought Jack with them to view the flat before he was moved in. This allowed Jack the opportunity to meet the staff and get familiar with the new environment. He was brought in by is son and daughter, but his son stayed with him in the guest room for a few days to get him settled and feel comfortable. Jack was showing early signs of dementia as his communication was not clear at times and often his speech was muddled. Furthermore, his memory was poor at first as he kept asking for his wife repeatedly for examples, † where am I†, â€Å"whose house is this†, and â€Å"why am I here†. Also his nutrition was an issue as he was not eating his meals and often said he was not hungry or he would eat later. He would sometimes say take it away and feed the pigeon.Food would turn up in various places like bins, in drawers and even in his bed. Mace and Rabins (1999) mentioned that eating alone can contribute to or worsen their confusion. Incontinence was also a big concern for staff as he was constantly wet and soiled with faeces. He would choose places not suitable to use for toileting, removing his protective clothing. He was also hiding dirty soiled clothes in inappropriate places. Moreover, getting his personal care done was a big task as he was not cooperative. Beatie et al, (2005) stated that people with dementia do not know that they are not being cooperative with certain basic tasks.This could be related to my client as I observed these issues on many occasions. All these conditions have been highlighted by (Kitwood, 1997). With regard to incontinence, Parker (2000) supported that because of the dying of the brain cells, a person like Jack will not be able to independently identify the message the brain is conveying about the bowel. This p roblem was identified with Jack. Jack, as supported by Parker (2000) should be encouraged to use the toilet before and after consuming meals and drinks and should also have a regular pad change.Parker 2000 also cited that when any person in a state like that of Jack is constipated or having sluggish bowel movement, they should be offered medication like suppositories and if this does not work they should be supported by observation. When dealing with Jack who does not have mental capacity it is important to observe his actions. When he is in need of toileting he can exhibit the following actions which are non verbal such as pulling down or removing pants, or opening his fly. These actions are likely to suggest that he wants to use the toilet.Mace and Rabins (1999) argued that it can be very difficult for practitioners to achieve appropriate assessments when they are dealing with persons who are living in an independent setting. My assessment highlighted many problems such as persona l care, poor memory, poor nutrition intake, urinary incontinence, poor communication and wandering about all the time. However, this was more pronounced in the evenings. Morris and Morris (2010), Kitwood, (1997) and Algage (2006), have highlighted this problem to be â€Å"sundown syndrome†.According to Leblance (2011) he described this as onset of confusion that occurs in late afternoon and night time. Algage (2006) further stated that wandering is a way of communicating in a non verbal form by using action to correspond with others. Moreover Beatie et al, (2005) argued that patients with dementia may not be able to read signs. For example factors like the environment may cause them to be distressed and might put them at risk, (Hodgkinson et al, 2007). Some residents like Jack may have limited communication ability to verbalise what they want to do, so they just show action as a way of communicating.For example, the sign posts, symbols and photographic pictures might not appe al to them because of their limited ability to focus on details, (Hodgkinson et al, 2007). Beatie et al, (2005) and Fox and Wilson (2007) have highlighted that living in a sheltered housing environment can be a lonely experience for many patients and this can make them feel isolated. More so, Beatie et al, (2005) mentioned that these factors might cause a patient to wander because if they feel lonely and anxious for a long period of time. They might want to find something to engage in.A person with dementia might find it difficult to sit down. For example in my observations I feel that Jack was living in a community where he had friends and family to socialise with and moving to a new place was somehow upsetting for him. Likewise changes might have caused Jack’s more loss of memory and this could be another reason why he failed to adjust to his new surrounding as cited in Mace and Rabins (1999). Moreover, in this sheltered housing there are no facilities like shops and recrea tional facilities as it is in a secluded area.Knockers (2000) mentioned about daily living activities that could have been useful to a patient with dementia like Jack. In my opinion, this would have given Jack the opportunity to engage with other residents. This would have been a great way of socialising, chatting, enjoyment and given him a purpose in life and most of all engaging his time and stop him from wondering so frequently. According to Cheston and Bender (1999) and Innes et al, (2000) the DCM (Dementia Care Mapping) is a precise framework that is important to assess patients with dementia.The DCM (Dementia Care Mapping) is an observational tool which is used in a professional setting. This tool could have been useful to Jack if he was living in suitable housing that meets his needs (Kitwood 1997, Shels 2007 and Fox and Wilson, 2000), Mace and Rabins (1999) mention that MME (Mini Mental Examination) also known as the â€Å"mini mental† is one of the tools that are use d to screen an individual’s mental ability at the onset of dementia. This tool is also known as the performance tool that allows five minutes to perform a set of precise tasks.This entails a maximum score of thirty answers to questions given. â€Å"Some of the questions are, do you know what day it is, date, month and the time, do you know what country you live, and the town. Can you spell the word â€Å"world† backwards, can you write a sentence†. Likewise, In Jack’s case he was assessed using this tool to get a precise answer to see what he can independently do for himself. In addition, Fox and Wilson (2007) argued that the assessment processes should be compiled into a feedback statement. This information should be given at the beginning and end of the assessment.Chester and Bender (2000) mentioned that feedback should be given in both oral and written statement. This is necessary for the patient and their family to adjust and come to terms with their illness, and deal with their emotions. According to Carmody and Forester (2003) the main areas of care planning are assessment, planning, evaluation, implementation and evaluation. Care plans are legal documents which should be reviewed on a regular basis for accuracy. Jack’s care plan contains some important information such as his name, date of birth, address and all information recorded was signed and dated.Likewise, May et al (2003) mentioned that a care plan should be compiled and put together the persons needs and deeds. Jack’s care plan was fully supported and some of the information included was his life history, lifestyle, health, personality, and preferences, present and future wishes. Jack’s capacity, cognitive ability and the stages he was at present were documented. Jack’s care plan contains three columns. The left column was to record Jack’s needs, the middle column gives precise information for cares to comply with, whilst the right column is to record information, sign, date and reviews (May et al, 2003).May et al, (2003) proposed that the enriched care planning was developed from the enriched model of dementia by (Kitwood, 1997). Jack care plan consists of five core areas which are reviewing, profiling, implementation, identifying needs and documenting needs. Jack care plan was fully supported by the carers. In Jack’s case his care plan was reviewed with the social worker, general practitioner, occupational therapist, dietician, warden, care manager and family and myself who is his key worker. This set out clear instructions for staff on how to personalise care for Jack.This includes, monitoring and assessing changes in his toileting, nutritional intake, communication, health and wandering. Four main calls were put in place for his main meals and regular checks to stop him from feeling lonely. Jack care plan was reviewed and implementation of safety devices was put in action to keep Jack safe. This inv olves the implementing of sensory aids and equipment that will help to keep him safe at all times and especially during the nights. This included a bed sensor and door activator that goes off when he gets out of bed and when he leaves his flat.This equipment was most useful during the nights. Reflective lighting was also put into place. It would come on at a certain time in the evening. The door bell flashing light let him know when someone was entering his flat. Picture coding colour was put on his fridge door and bedroom door to remind him where to go and what to do. Jacks’ family were in complete denial about his condition and they would often get very upset with him. They thought that their dad was trying to get back at them for moving him. One daughter was constantly fussing over him and telling him off.This made it quite difficult for staff and management to get the assessment process started. The other barrier was the staff members that were not able to support Jackâ⠂¬â„¢s family appropriately, as they were not trained adequately in dementia care. Jack’s condition deteriorated rapidly and staff was finding it quite difficult to cope with his demanding and stressful behaviour. Jack was given tablets to keep him calm, however, this medication in my observation was too strong for him and often he would sleep for long periods of time.Staff would have to wake him up for meals and before he finished his meals he would be fast asleep. In work places which are independent based, these facilities are not designed to accommodate people with certain forms of dementia and for this reason it took a longer time for Jack’s needs to be reassessed. Jack’s needs were finally met and then he was admitted to a dementia unit where he was housed, (Carmody and Foster, 2003, Jacques and Jackson, 2000). These factors can become a barrier for professional when implementing care for people living with dementia, (Jacques and Jackson, 2000).In Jackâ₠¬â„¢s case he could have benefitted from the evaluation tool to stimulate communication between staff and himself. This would have prompted his alertness and encouraged communication at meal times as observed by Shiels (2007). With reference to evaluation this process is necessary to get a direct result of Jack’s illness. This will establish how far his condition has deteriorated and the extent of his impairment and functioning. Moreover, this will identify other health problems, so that the necessary treatment and planning can be put in place to address his needs, (Mace and Rabin 1999).Jack had to undertake this evaluation and many tests such as CBC (Complete blood count) which includes a blood chemistry test, checking the liver and kidney for signs of diabetes, vitamin B12 and thyroid level . The VDRL check for syphilis and LP (lumbar puncture) investigates the central nervous system. EEC (electroencephagram) measures the brain activities. CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, SP ECT scans which are all important tests can identify the presence of a stroke. Jack was also given a neuropsychological test or the cortical test where they test his memory for writing and reasoning ability, and coordination (Mace and Rabin 1999).A psychiatric and psychosocial evaluation was also conducted by way of interviews with Jack’s family and his friend. This was vital to planning and development of care and this was also supported by a family evaluation to assess and to address their emotional, financial and physical needs, (Carmody and Forster 2003). Jack‘s condition has deteriorated even further and he has started leaving the premises through the back door. There is sensory equipment which is now in place in order to monitor his movements.Jack sometimes presses the button and it raises an alarm with the central control office. The control room staff will then contact the staff on duty to go and attend to Jack and see whether there is anything he needs. In most cases when the staff gets there, Jack will be trying to leave the premises not properly dressed. Examples being dressed in his pyjamas and bed room slippers, wearing a vest without his shirt or wearing his trouser inside out. When the staff try to get Jack to return to his flat he becomes very aggressive, shouting and hitting the staff and refusing to go back.The police on many occasions are called to search for him. AGASE (2006) indicated that wandering is associated with risk factors of getting lost and falls. As highlighted by Hodgkinson et al ( 2007) â€Å"gridlines placed on front door exits, door handles, panic button bars might be an effective way to addresses Jack’s wandering and reduce the risk of escaping†. Carmody and Forster (2003) suggest that a person like Jack can benefit from ADL (Activities of Daily Living) as this will help test his functioning abilities and performance.With regards to communication and Jack’s outburst Phillips and Penhale (19 96) argued that some people with dementia like Jack might have poor memory, limited communication ability with others. Jack is unaware of his aggression towards staff. This is not done intentionally as his brain cells are dying. Jack is unaware that he is causing harm to any one as he is simply trying to communicate. Jack will be trying to say why are these people stopping or preventing me from going to see my friends. In my observation Jack was finding it difficult to say the right word, as he was not able to understand what is being said to him.Carmody and Forster (2003) Fox and Wilson (2000) highlighted that the person who is undertaking a communication assessment needs to be a good listener and a competently trained professional. This person needs to have experiences of in dealing with different cases of dementia and know the differences between the different types. Fox and Wilson (2000) mentioned that a person with counselling skills might be able to address the needs of a pers on with dementia more efficiently. In my opinion, these skills are important when working with customers with dementia.In Jack’s case this would have been more beneficial if staff dealing with him had appropriate counselling skills. They would have been in a position to understand how to communicate with Jack as to achieve effective results. In the long run Jack was finding it more difficult to cope with every day activities. He had suffered a relapse and his condition deteriorated very rapidly and he needed more specialist care. He was not coping well and his health and safety was at risk. Jack needs were reassessed and he was no longer capable to live independently any more.Management and social worker were in the process of getting him relocated when he suffered a fall. He was taken to hospital and then he was moved into a residential home that cares for people with dementia. In conclusion, the government acknowledges dementia as a growing problem and has put strategies in place to care for people with dementia. To address Jack’s needs appropriately his care should be person centred. Jack was moved to a new home and this might have contributed to his wandering. His new setting was secluded and he had no friends to communicate or socialise with.This factor could have led to further confusion and made him feel lonely and even depressed. Although Jack was fully supported by the planning, assessment, implementing and evaluation process, his needs were slow to be addressed by the family and this posed as a barrier to Jack getting the care he required. However, the assessment procedure and progress for independent living have to be organised by many professionals. It appears in Jack’s case it was not recognised and dealt with appropriately at times. For example, the process to get a person assessed for dementia in independent housing took a long time.There were other issues and barriers that Jack faced on his journey, even though the governme nt had put these strategies in place to address the needs of people with dementia. In order to address Jack’s needs and that of other people with dementia the professionals need to adapt a person centred approach. Staff needs to be competently trained in dementia care so that they can support family and friends when a person is diagnosed with dementia. Reference Algase,D. L. (2006) What’s new about wandering? An assessment of recent studies 226 -234 [Available at: www. reo. beds. ac. uk]. (Accessed: 3/10/ 2011). Beatie,E. R. A. Song, J. And LaGore, S. (2005) A comparison of wandering behaviour in nursing homes and assisted living facilities, Research and theory for nursing practice Vol 19 No. 2. 181-196 [Available at: www. breo. beds. ac. uk]. (Accessed: 3/10/2011). Carmody, S. Forster, S. (2003) Nursing older people; a guide to practice in care home. Oxion Radcliff Publishing. Cheston. R. Bender, M. (1999) Understanding dementia: the man with the worried eyes, London. Jessica Kingsley. Fox, M. And Wilson, L. 2000) The centred advocacy for people with dementia, The journal of dementia care Vol 15 No 2. Jacques, A. And Jackson, G. (2000) Understanding dementia, 3rd edn, London, Churchhill Livingston. Hodgkinson, B. Koch, S. Nay R. And Lewis, M. (2007) Managing the wandering behaviour of people in a aged care facility 407-436 [Available at: www. breo. beds. ac. uk]. (Accessed: 3/10/2011). Inness, A. Capstick, A. And Surr, C. (2000)Mapping out framework, The Journal of dementiacare, Vol. 15 Kitwood, T (1997) Dementia reconsidered; The person comes first, Buckingham.Open University Press. Knockers, S. (2007) Capturing the magic of everyday activities, The journal of dementia care. Vol 15 No2 Leblanc, G. J. (2011) staying afloat in a sea of forgetfulness; common sense care giving, Bloomington Xlibris. Parker, T. (2000) Incontinence of faeces: the final frontier? Journal of dementiacare V0L. 8 No2 Phillips, J. and Penhale, B. (1996) Reviewing Care Mana gement for Older People, London. Jessica Kingsley Publishers May, H. Edwards, P. And Brooker , D. (2009) Enriched care planning for people with dementia , London. Jessica Kingsley

Race and Gender Bias and Discrimination in Higher Edu

Many believe that once a student has made it to college or university, the barriers of sexism and racism that may have stood in the way of their education have been overcome. But, for decades, anecdotal evidence from women and people of color has suggested that institutions of higher learning are not free from racial and gender bias. In 2014, researchers conclusively documented these problems in a study of how perceptions of race and gender  among faculty impact who they choose to mentor, showing that women and racial minorities  were far less likely than white men to receive responses from university professors after emailing to express interest in working with them as graduate students. Studying Race and Gender Bias among University Faculty The study,  conducted by professors  Katherine L. Milkman, Modupe Akinola, and Dolly Chugh, and published on the Social Science Research Network, measured email responses of 6,500 professors across over 250 of the U.S.’s top universities. The messages were sent by â€Å"students† who were interested in graduate school (in actuality, the â€Å"students† were impersonated by the researchers). The messages expressed admiration for the professor’s research and requested a meeting. All messages sent by the researchers had the same content and were well-written, but varied in that the researchers used a variety of names typically associated with specific racial categories.  For example, names like Brad Anderson and Meredith Roberts would typically be assumed to belong to white people, whereas names like Lamar Washington and LaToya Brown would be assumed to belong to black students. Other names included those associated with Latino/a, Indian, and Chinese students. Faculty Are Biased in Favor of White Men Milkman and her team found that  Asian students experienced the most bias, that gender and racial diversity among faculty does not reduce the presence of discrimination, and that there are big differences in the commonality of bias between academic departments and types of schools. The highest rates of  discrimination against women and people of color were found to occur at private schools and among the natural sciences  and business schools. The study also found that the frequency of racial and gender discrimination increases along with average faculty salary. At business schools, women and racial minorities were ignored by professors  more than twice as frequently as were  white males. Within the humanities they were ignored 1.3 times more often—a lower rate than in business schools but still quite significant and troubling. Research findings like these reveal that discrimination exists even within the academic elite, despite the fact that academics are typically thought to be more liberal and progressive than the general population. How Race and Gender Bias Impacts Students Because the emails were thought by the professors studied to be from prospective students interested in working with the professor in a graduate program, this means that women and racial minorities are discriminated against before they even begin the application process to graduate school. This extends existing research that has found this kind of discrimination within graduate programs to the â€Å"pathway† level of the student experience, disturbingly present in all academic disciplines. Discrimination at this stage of a students pursuit of postgraduate education can have a discouraging effect, and can even harm that students chances of gaining admission and funding for postgraduate work. These findings also build on previous research that has found gender bias within STEM fields to include racial bias too, thus debunking the common  assumption of Asian privilege in higher education and STEM fields. Bias in Higher Education is Part of Systemic Racism Now, some might find it puzzling that even women and racial minorities exhibit bias against prospective students on these bases. While at first glance it might seem strange, sociology helps make sense of this phenomenon. Joe Feagin’s theory of systemic racism illuminates how racism pervades the entire social system  and manifests at the level of policy, law, institutions like media and education, in interactions between people, and individually in the beliefs and assumptions of people. Feagin goes so far as to call the U.S. a â€Å"total racist society.† What this means, then, is that all people born in the U.S. grow up in a racist society  and are socialized by racist institutions, as well as  by family members, teachers, peers, members of law enforcement, and even clergy, who either consciously or unconsciously instill racist beliefs into the minds of Americans. Leading contemporary sociologist Patricia Hill Collins, a Black feminist scholar, has revealed in her research and theoretical work that even people of color are socialized to maintain racist beliefs, which she refers to as the internalization of the oppressor.In the context of the study by Milkman and her colleagues, existing social theories  of race and gender would suggest that even well-intentioned professors who might not otherwise be seen as racist or gender-biased, and who do not act in  overtly discriminatory ways, have internalized beliefs that women and students of color are perhaps  not as well prepared for graduate school as their white male counterpar ts, or that they may not make reliable or adequate research assistants. In fact, this phenomenon is documented in the book  Presumed Incompetent, a compilation of research and essays from women and people of color who work in academia. Social Implications of Bias in Higher Education Discrimination at the point of entry into graduate programs and discrimination once admitted have striking implications. While the racial makeup of students enrolled in colleges in 2011 fairly closely mirrored the racial makeup of the total U.S. population, statistics released by the Chronicle of Higher Education show that as the level of degree increases, from Associate, to Bachelor, Master, and Doctorate, the percentage of degrees held by racial minorities, with the exception of Asians, drops considerably. Consequently, whites and Asians are overrepresented as holders of doctorate degrees, while Blacks, Hispanics and Latinos, and Native Americans are vastly underrepresented. In turn, this means that people of color are far less present among university faculty, a profession dominated by white people (especially men). And so the cycle of bias and discrimination continues.Taken with the above information, the findings from Milkmans study point to a systemic crisis of white and male s upremacy in American higher education today. Academia cant help but exist within a racist and patriarchal social system, but it has a responsibility to recognize this context, and to proactively combat these forms of discrimination in every way it can.

Nature Vs Nurture In Moll Flanders - 1734 Words

In a world where a private agreement of marriage counted as a legally binding arrangement, and it was very easy to falsely accuse someone of a crime, or talk your way out of a sticky situation; it is no wonder that Daniel Defoe wrote the crimes that Moll Flanders committed, in the novel Moll Flanders, as a laughable adventure. From thievery to the thought of murder, Molls actions were inexcusable, but to Defoe, an example of what was wrong with crime and punishment at the time in which Moll was alive. While a court did exist, and officers of the law did attempt to thwart criminal behavior, there was something about how many criminals got away that DeFoe seemed to be criticizing, while also seeming to celebrate Moll. This novel not only†¦show more content†¦She began her criminal rendezvous by stealing a package in which she claimed was calling to her to take. Eventually, she gets to the point where she is so well off from stealing that she could retire from living a criminal life. Her criminality seems to give her an identity in life. She can no longer be defined by the men she marries, so she must turn elsewhere. Moll never seems to truly find herself within this novel, and her criminality seems to give her a faà §ade to hide behind. When Moll claims she is rich when marrying Jemy, this is another faà §ade to hide behind. Overall, Moll’s criminality seems like a crutch she uses to navigate herself through society. Moll, however, decides that the criminal life is for her, and does not stop. This is one way in which the novel celebrates the criminal life that Moll is living. She has multiple opportunities where she can get a real job, and support herself without stealing, but she does not. She could have become a seamstress, but she maintains her sticky finger lifestyle. She even talks about how her fingers itch for theft when she has not stolen for a substantial period of time. The novel also celebrates her criminal activity during the episode in which she steals the horse. It is something completely unnecessary in her life, and there is no situation presented that would justify her stealing the horse. It seemed as though she attempted to do that just so she

The Wife Of His Youth And Mrs. Spring Fragrance - 1399 Words

Ever since the days of World War I, women have been seen as second rate to men. They had to live up to many social standards that men didn’t have to and had strict guidelines on how to live their lives. This all changed when modernism deliberately tried to break away from Victorian Era standards in which women were subjugated to a lot more scrutiny. Ezra Pound, who was a large figure in the modernist movement, captured the spirit of the era in his famous line â€Å"Make it new!† Consequently, many writers started to experiment with many different and wild writing styles, which led to the short stories and poems we have today. The stories The Wife of His Youth and Mrs. Spring Fragrance were all written in this era of modernism. While they are written in a more traditional style of writing, both these stories have strong implications on feminism from the viewpoints of both male and female writers. The Victorian Era women was vastly different than the female we think of no wadays. Women during that time were expected to fulfill more of a domestic and motherly role, one that stayed at home and took care of the house. They were confined within the private sphere of the world while the men toiled away in the public sphere. The ideal Victorian women was described as: The women were expected to carry out the duties of the house without complaint and to remain diligent to her husband, as well as God. During this time, motherhood transformed from just being a child bearing figure toShow MoreRelatedComparision Between Vietnam and Uk Wedding4240 Words   |  17 PagesConducted by Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen - FA9-2001 ----------------------------------------------------------- Acknowledgement I am deeply grateful to Mr Tran Huy Phuong, of Hanoi University of Foreign Studies for his valuable instruction, corection, comment and assitance during the development of my report. I would like to give a big thank to the English Department for giving me an opportunity and encouragement to complete my research. Finally I also would like to convey my thanks to all of my friendsRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesstyle Effect: ï‚ · common readers are alienated by this literature Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · overwhelming technological changes of the 20th Century World War I was the first war of mass destruction due to technological advances rise of the youth culture Harlem Renaissance period of American Literature - 1920s The Harlem Renaissance period runs parallel to Modernism Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · celebrated characteristics of African-American life enjoyment of life without fear writing definesRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesperceive in products and services is becoming an enormously powerful influence on the continuing strength of customer spending, especially when times are tight. Study of the current economy indicates that when today’s consumer is completely satisfied with his or her product or service purchase, he or she tells six other potential buyers. In contrast, a dissatisfied consumer informs 25 other potential buyers. That is the leverage of quality in shaping consumer sentiment, which is vital in powering the two-thirdsRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagespharmaceutical industry. TUI – competitive forces in the travel industry. HiFi – how can small players survive changing markets? Amazon (B) – latest developments in a successful dot.com. Form ula One – developing the capabilities for competitive success in a hi-tech industry. Manchester United – clash of expectations in the football world. Salvation Army – strategic challenges for a global not-for-profit organisation with a mission. Bayer MS – corporate social responsibility in the international developmentRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesmarketing team makes decisions about the controllable parameters of the marketing mix. 3.4 THE MARKETING MIX (THE 4 P S OF MARKETING) The term marketing mix became popularized after Neil H. Borden published his 1964 article, The Concept of the Marketing Mix. Borden began using the term in his teaching in the late 1940 s after James Culliton had described the marketing manager as a mixer of ingredients. The ingredients in Borden s marketing mix included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution

Organizations To Develop A Proper Culture â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organizations To Develop A Proper Culture? Answer: Introduction: The main challenge which is faced by a large number of healthcare organizations is to develop a proper culture and nurture the culture which will help in ensuring the delivery of continuously improving different factors within the healthcare setting. These factors would mainly involve development of high quality service as well as a safe and compassionate healthcare (Kumar et al. 2013). In such a scenario, effective leadership plays one of the most influential factors in shaping the organizational culture and at the same time also ensuring that the most important leadership behaviors, qualities and strategies are exhibited by the leaders (al-Bushi et al. 2014). The following assignment will depict the positive effects of leaderships in healthcare setting, different issues in leadership and their effective strategies and also different leadership styles. Three main aims of effective leadership: The main aim of leaders would be to ensure direction, alignment as well as commitment within the team members as well as organizations. With the setting up of the directions within the team members, the leaders need to ensure agreement as well as pride among the members of the team so that they can easily develop an understanding about what the organization tries to achieve and help them in being consistent with by the visions, strategies and value of the organizations in healthcare (Laschinger and Fida 2015). By the aim of alignment, it means that effective coordination should be ensured by the leaders within the team members and practice integration within the work. The leaders should also have skills which will help the team members to practice commitment which means everyone in the healthcare setting should take responsibilities as well as make their personal priorities to ensure success of the organization by providing the best quality care to the patients which should be safe a s well as culturally competent (Gopee and Galloway 2017). Advantages of effective leadership in Healthcare services: Leaders with effective leadership skills ensure a safe, high quality as well as compassionate care as a topmost priority. They have to make sure that the voices of the patients are provided importance to at every level. They also make sure that they would build up teams which have skill to attend patient experience, needs, concern s well as feedback (Wong 2015). An efficient leader make sure that he or she can provide a supportive, empathic, available, compassionate, respectful as well as empowering leadership. They set core leadership strategies are to promote participation as well as involvement of the staff members. They not only provide importance to the voice of the patients but also make sure that the voices of the staffs are provided significance as well as their suggestions are also encourages, heard and acted upon across the organization. They also provide support of various kinds to their staffs so that they can undertake innovation within safe boundaries (Wong and Lasching er 2013). They also make sure that everyone of the organization is clear about what they are required to do. Such leaders also provide positive feedback to the staffs on their good service which make them confidant and encourage them to work in a more skilled manner. They also insisted on the maintenance of transparency in various issues like in relation to errors, serious accidents, different problems as well as complaints. They mainly take mistakes of staffs as opportunities for their learning. Moreover they also effectively deal with poor performance issues and also maintain correct strategies which help them to handle aggressive, inappropriate as well as unacceptable behaviors of staffs and patients effectively (Weaver and Rosen 2014). They also introduce new innovative methods which provide the staffs with opportunities that promote continuous development of knowledge, skills and abilities of the staff so that they can improve quality of patient care, compassion, safety and als o patient experience. Such leaders always encourage as well as provide motivation and reward innovation with many new introductions of new and improved ways of working (Lin et al. 2015). Issues faced by leaders and effective leadership strategies: Improper service delivery: Often with the advancement of time, healthcare professionals need to adapt themselves with the current trends of practices and match up their knowledge with the modern technological skills to provide best care to patients. However there are many professionals who do not often develop the knowledge of the modern technologies which hamper the quality of care to patients. Moreover it is also seen that many professionals do not have proper communication skill with other members that affect the all over service delivery of the teams to the patient (Laschinger and Fida 2014). Such patient should be given proper training on the communication development of skills to overcome their challenges. Patient care is a team effort that depends upon the collaboration of doctors, nurses, physical therapists as well as other specialists. In such scenarios it becomes extremely important for the leaders to unify the teams and ensure that every individual are performing their own responsibilities and at the same time also ensuring the skill development of the nurses (Karamitri, Talias and Bellali 2017). Moreover, leaders also help in developing the onset of coordination of the efforts among the team members which not only enhance quality of care but also helps in redistribution of the pressures on the nurses. In altogether, the leaders help to improve the patient safety in organizations. Handling inexperienced nurses: It is often seen that new nurses do not have the proper skills for quick clinical reasoning, priority setting and lack confidence in handling patient. Moreover they also lack confidence in decision making. They often develop complexes in the new setting and proper bonding with other seniors often takes time. They often also face various ethical and legal dilemmas as they are new to the setting and lack experiences to handle such cases efficiently. In such a scenario, they feel their job to be creating more pressure on them. Some of them tend to leave the profession, others face burning out, physical deterioration, mental instability and others (Yoder-wise 2014). In such cases, leaders often have to develop innovative methods so that they can rightly make the professionals develop competency in their care. Often such nurses require continuous monitoring in every of the activities they do for the patient so that the leaders can help them to correct their mistakes in their working techn iques and provide them the knowledge of the correct ways. Moreover, they also need to provide them with professional development classes which help them to overcome the lack of confidence in their work. The leaders have to ensure that they are placed under proper experienced nurses so that they get the right help form their senior registered nurses (Read and Laschinger 2015). The entire procedure requires huge time of the leaders and hence it becomes an issue as leaders often have to perform multitasking in healthcare. However, with positive scheduling and setting priorities and making time table will help the leaders to provide the best service to the organization. Conflict management: The nest issue that often provides a hard time to the leaders is conflict management. It has been seen in many cases that often different types conflicts arise among the staffs in team that hampers effective service delivery. Often poor communication skill result in conflict and as a result of this, blame game results which often become difficult for the leaders to handle. Communication breakdown also result in development of conflicts between members which breaks trusts of the members and they tend to affect the carer of the patients resulting in improper medication administrations, long waiting time of the patients and, any others. Power struggles between different professionals of various ranks may create complexes affecting their mental stability as well as their confidence leading to deceased job satisfaction (McCan, Graves and Cox 2014). In such issues, leaders play a strong role in helping the teams to overcome the barriers through different strategies like team meetings, allo wing each other to only admit each others positive sides, developing communication skills, learning proper methods of delegation, developing monitoring session for the staffs and others. Calling team meetings and encouraging the staff members to speak openly about their concerns as well as the different difficulties they face while working with their mates, allowing proper suggestions, counseling, and advices to overcome such barriers for the well being of patients all will lead to improvement of working relationship and hence better patient care (Reem, Kitsantas Maddox 2014). Lack of motivation due to work stress: The works of healthcare professional are often hectic and full of high levels of stresses. They have to continuously consciously about every patient and have to be always ready on their toes. They have to be alert and have to work all round the clock as they do not have the luxury to choose their work and therefore they have to provide equal care to all patients. Often such long stretches of work, over timings, requirements of extra working hours by the organizations to provide service to high number of patients often become stressful for them. They develop physical disorder like fatigue, back pain, headache and many others which affect their concentration of work. Moreover, they also develop mental disorders like depression, anxiety, sleep disorders and many others. Hence, all these may lead to compromised service delivery which may lead to unintentional errors, aggression in nurses or even lack of enthusiasm to work of their parents. Hence here leaders pay a very important role in making them to stick to their commitments towards patients (Daly et al. 2014). Leader helps their charges to stay on tract and constantly remind them of the commitment towards the duty of patients recoveries. Leaders also provide assistance as well as advice when their staff members face a dilemma or face a complicated case of a patient so that they do not develop the feeling of loneliness or do not feel pressurized of the responsibility of the entire patient on their shoulders- rather they feel that they have companions helping them in their work who are providing them constant support for their dedication. When such leaders express confidence in them and also on their team members providing them feedbacks and encouraging them, got their good work, healthcare staffs feel empowered (Lartey et al. 2014). They feel motivated by the leaders who help them to take upon new initiatives and contribute their best efforts. Moreover leaders should also found new ways through strategies planni ng so that proper work life balance can be established for the staffs by job rotations, flexible shifts, allocating stand-bys for staffs requiring leaves and many others. Often incentive and reward plans are also shown to bring positive outcomes by making them motivated. Improper attitude towards the profession: Even when nurses join the profession with high amount of zeal and enthusiasm, researchers suggest that over the course of time, they tend to lose their flexibilities to match up with their situations and in turn perform activities which do not match with the nursing ideals of healthcare professionals. Many of them tend to lose their compassionate approach and provide more rigid approach due to development of stress and boredom form work which affects patients autonomy and dignity. They tend to develop a burnout and as a result they do not handle many adverse cases with equal amount of grace, empathy and education which they did before (Aarons et al. 2015). They tend to develop a feeling of exhaustion which prevents them from providing the best quality service to the patients. Here, the leaders play a great role in maintaining a positive role model whom the staffs should look upon in their profession. Leaders in such scenario make themselves a role model which inspires the healthcare staffs to meet and exceed their highest expectations. Leaders in such scenario take an active role for themselves where they tend to honor the professions ethical principles, putting the patients needs as the most important part of the professions and treating their colleague with the high amount of respect irrespective of their positions and experiences. In these ways they establish a standard of conduct as well as successfully make themselves a role model for the other staffs to follow and be encouraged. Moreover, when leaders follow the proper leadership styles, it usually becomes more evident that they have to less instruct their team members. Team members automatically get into the flow of work without their leaders instructing them to take their work responsibly as they themselves act as a role model whom they follow in order to accomplish their task and hence become victorious in providing the best quality care to the patients and helps in developing the organizations reputat ions (Laschinger et al. 2015). Different leadership theories and how they impact service provided by team members: Proper management of the healthcare professionals by the leaders helps in modifying the performance of the staff towards betterment which in turn helps in influencing the patient outcomes. Different types of leadership styles are followed over the years by different leaders which have either been appreciated or criticized by researchers over the years. The first one is the transactional leadership where the leaders mainly provide importance to supervisions, organization as well as group performance. These leaders thoroughly monitors the team members works to find faults or other deviations and helps in promoting compliance if the team members by either rewards of punishments. This type of leadership is extremely helpful in crisis and emergency situation ensuring active participation from all staffs. The second type of leadership is called the transformational leadership which is appreciated by researchers all over the world. In this type of leadership, the behaviors of the leaders tr ansform and inspire the members who help them to perform beyond their expectations at the same time of transcending elf interest for the good of the patients and also for the organization (Mintz and Stoller 2014). Such inspirational motivation involves providing a vision of the future to the members and also provides attention to the needs as well as he skills of the workers. The nest form of leadership is the democratic leadership which also is appreciated by many professionals. This style encourages open communication as well as staff participation in decision making. To such leaders developing relationship with the workers is important where they mainly set focus on the improvement of the processes and systems rather than on the mistakes made by the staffs. Just as they hear the voices of the workers making them feel a part of their organization and developing a sense of respect, they also provide efficient feedback to the workers and help them to modify their skills. The nest fo rm of leadership which is not much appreciated and has negative outcomes is the authoraritarian leadership where the leaders make all the decisions without considering any input from the staff. Negative reinforcements and punishments are provided which affect the working styles of staffs. Mistakes are not tolerated and therefore blame is placed in the staff rather than blaming the faulty processes. All theses affect the emotions and feelings of the workers mainly them depressed and therefore they seem to withdraw themselves from the systems. Their development of skills and knowledge are also restricted that affect their career. However this types of leadership show positive outcome in emergency situations where there is little time for discussion. However, they do not result in development of trust and proper communication which is very important for carrying team work effective (Castel et al. 2015). Laissez-faire Leadership is also severely criticized as this type provides little a s well as no direction or supervision of the members and prefers to take hands of approach trusting that all members are capable to take their own responsibilities of their work trusting that they do not need guidance. The negative outcomes are that decisions are not made on time and it gives very few scopes to members to gather knowledge and develop new skills. From the entire discussion it can be concluded that effective leadership has many important t contributions out of which is the proper maintenance of patient safety and ensuring high quality service. They help in developing unity among the team members so that proper communication is ensured along with providing of innovative strategies that help them in developing their skill and knowledge. Different issues may arise like improper patient delivery, inexperienced working nurses concern, conflict in workplace, power struggle, and lack of motivation at workplace, exhaustion and many others. The leaders need to incorporate correct leadership styles and come out with efficient strategies which would handle all the issues and develop a workplace where all the members provide the highest quality service, are happy and are contented. Moreover this would also help to increase the reputation of the organization as well. References: Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Hurlburt, M.S., 2015. Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI): a randomized mixed method pilot study of a leadership and organization development intervention for evidence-based practice implementation.Implementation Science,10(1), p.11. Al-Balushi, S., Sohal, A. S., Singh, P. J., Al Hajri, A., Al Farsi, Y. M., and Al Abri, R. 2014. Readiness factors for lean implementation in healthcare settingsa literature review.Journal of health organization and management,28(2), 135-153. Castel, E. S., Ginsburg, L. R., Zaheer, S., Tamim, H. (2015). Understanding nurses and physicians fear of repercussions for reporting errors: clinician characteristics, organization demographics, or leadership factors?.BMC health services research,15(1), 326. Daly, J., Jackson, D., Mannix, J., Davidson, P. and Hutchinson, M., 2014. The importance of clinical leadership in the hospital setting.Journal of Healthcare Leadership. Gopee, N., and Galloway, J. 2017.Leadership and management in healthcare. Sage. Karamitri, I., Talias, M.A. and Bellali, T., 2017. Knowledge management practices in healthcare settings: a systematic review.The International journal of health planning and management,32(1), pp.4-18. Kumar, R. D. 2013. Leadership in healthcare.Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine,14(1), 39-41. Lartey, S., Cummings, G. and Profetto?McGrath, J., 2014. Interventions that promote retention of experienced registered nurses in health care settings: a systematic review.Journal of nursing management,22(8), pp.1027-1041. Laschinger, H. K. S., and Fida, R. 2015. Linking nurses perceptions of patient care quality to job satisfaction: the role of authentic leadership and empowering professional practice environments.Journal of Nursing Administration,45(5), 276-283. Laschinger, H.K.S. and Fida, R., 2014. A time-lagged analysis of the effect of authentic leadership on workplace bullying, burnout, and occupational turnover intentions.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,23(5), pp.739-753. Laschinger, H.K.S., Borgogni, L., Consiglio, C. and Read, E., 2015. The effects of authentic leadership, six areas of worklife, and occupational coping self-efficacy on new graduate nurses burnout and mental health: A cross-sectional study.International Journal of Nursing Studies,52(6), pp.1080-1089. Lin, P.Y., MacLennan, S., Hunt, N. and Cox, T., 2015. The influences of nursing transformational leadership style on the quality of nurses working lives in Taiwan: a cross-sectional quantitative study.BMC nursing,14(1), p.33. McCann, J.T., Graves, D. and Cox, L., 2014. Servant leadership, employee satisfaction, and organizational performance in rural community hospitals.International journal of Business and management,9(10), p.28. Mintz, L.J. and Stoller, J.K., 2014. A systematic review of physician leadership and emotional intelligence.Journal of graduate medical education,6(1), pp.21-31. Read, E.A. and Laschinger, H.K., 2015. The influence of authentic leadership and empowerment on nurses relational social capital, mental health and job satisfaction over the first year of practice.Journal of Advanced Nursing,71(7), pp.1611-1623. Reem, A. D., Kitsantas, P., Maddox, P. J. (2014). The impact of residency programs on new nurse graduates' clinical decision-making and leadership skills: A systematic review.Nurse Education Today,34(6), 1024-1028. Weaver, S.J., Dy, S.M. and Rosen, M.A., 2014. Team-training in healthcare: a narrative synthesis of the literature.BMJ Qual Saf,23(5), pp.359-372. Wong, C.A. and Laschinger, H.K., 2013. Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment.Journal of advanced nursing,69(4), pp.947-959. Wong, C.A., 2015. Connecting nursing leadership and patient outcomes: state of the science.Journal of nursing management,23(3), pp.275-278. Yoder-Wise, P.S., 2014.Leading and Managing in Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.